Conditional Forms and Sentences in English

Conditional forms are used to imagine events in certain conditions. The conditional can be used to speak about real events that always happen (first conditional), imaginary events (second conditional), or imagined past events (third conditional). Conditional sentences are also known as if sentences. Here are some examples: If we finish early, we will go out for lunch. - First conditional - possible situationIf we had time, we would visit our friends. - Second conditional - imaginary situationIf we had gone to New York, we would have visited the exhibit. - Third conditional - past imagined situation English learners should study conditional forms to speak about past, present and future situations that depend on other events happening. There are four forms of the conditional in English. Students should study each of the forms to understand how to use conditionals to speak about: Something that is always true if something happens - conditional zeroSomething that will be true in the future if something happens - conditional one or real conditionalSomething that would be true if something happened in the present - conditional two or unreal conditionalSomething that would have been true in the past if something had happened - conditional three or unreal conditional At times it might be difficult to make the choice between the first and second (real or unreal) conditional form. You can study this guide to the first or second conditional for more information on making the proper choice between these two forms. Once you have studied conditional structures, practice your understanding of the conditional forms by taking the conditional forms quiz. Teachers can also use the printable conditional forms quiz in-class. Listed below are examples, uses and formation of Conditionals followed by a quiz. Conditional 0 These situations are always true if something happens. Note: This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using when (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.) If I am late, my father takes me to school.She doesnt worry if Jack stays out after school. Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he comes to town, we have dinner. or: We have dinner if he comes to town. Conditional 1 Often called the real conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. Note: In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means if ... not. In other words, ...unless he hurries up. could also be written, ...if he doesnt hurry up.. If it rains, we will stay at home.He will arrive late unless he hurries up.Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise. Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies. or: We will go to the movies if he finishes on time. Conditional 2 Often called the unreal conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. The conditional 2 provides an imaginary result for a given situation. Note: The verb to be, when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as were. If he studied more, he would pass the exam.I would lower taxes if I were the President.They would buy a new house if they had more money. Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If they had more money, they would buy a new house. or: They would buy a new house if they had more money. Conditional 3 Often referred to as the past conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation. If he had known that, he would have decided differently.Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston. Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed or: Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.

Changes During The Industrial Revolution - 1796 Words

Introduction There were many social forces that were at work that led to the emergence of Sociology in the late 18th and early 19th century. Some of these include: the industrial revolution, the French revolution, the Enlightenment and the Counter-Enlightenment. This essay will discuss: the changes in the conditions of labour during the industrial revolution; the ideological revolution, strengthening of the state, nationalism and revolutionary terror in the French revolution; radical changes to the social system in the Enlightenment era and revolutionary terror in the counter-enlightenment period. Industrial revolution One social force that led to the emergence of sociology in the late 18th and early 19th century is the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution was period of great change between 1789 and 1848 as there was a colossal movement of people in Britain from working in rural areas to working in factories in the city. â€Å"The cotton industry in Lancashire, (where it originated) thoroughly revolutionised this county, converting it from an obscure, ill-cultivated swamp into a busy, lively region, multiplying its population tenfold in eighty years, and causing giant cities such as Liverpool and Manchester, containing together 700,000 inhabitants†(Engels, 1845).There were various impacts of industrialisation, including changes in the conditions of labour. â€Å"Before the introduction of machinery, the spinning and weaving of raw materials was carried on in the workingmanShow MoreRelatedSocial Changes During The Industrial Revolution1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Rev olution in Britain led to many social changes for the country as well as its people. Prior to the revolution, many people, especially of the lower class in terms of wealth, lived in the countryside where they worked fields to feed their own families. After the Industrial Revolution began, however, this all changed as the demand for more and more goods became abundant, and a method of increasing the supply was needed. Factories would be built in towns by the upper class businessRead MoreChanges Europe Experienced During The Industrial Revolution1620 Words   |  7 PagesChanges Europe experienced during the Industrial Revolution o The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and middle nineteenth was progressive on the grounds that it modified, revolutionized the productive capacity of England, Europe and United States. In any case, the upheaval was something more than just new machines, smoke-burping processing plants, expanded efficiency and an expanded way of life. It was an upheaval which changed English, European, and American culture down to its extremelyRead Moreâ€Å"Social Classes Role in Bringing About Change During the Industrial Revolution1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution, a period of transition and innovation, inevitably brought with it changes. Life for both rich and poor was changed. The Industrial Revolution brought about the birth of two classes: The middle class and the working class. In the article â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† (1848) by Karl Marx, it states that â€Å"Marx saw the oppression of the worker by those who owned means of production.†(1) Did the Industrial Revolution benefit both, or yet cause grievance in one and be beneficialRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages An Industrial Revolution is the â€Å"change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of the hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production† (Danzer R50). The Second Industrial Revolution happened nearly one hundred years later after the First Industrial Revolution in England during the 1760s (Fagnilli 7). The Second Industrial Revolution was the cause of new inventions, government support for business, common natural resourcesRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The 19th Century927 Words   |  4 PagesEurope in the nineteenth-century was rapidly evolving into a more modernized society, and many political and cultural ideas were developing during this change. The Industrial Revolution triggered an enormous increase of the standard of livin g throughout most of Europe and North America. The transformation from the old style of hand made production to the new factory system caused many industries to build factories. This caused many people of the working class to move to the factories in search ofRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Impact On Western Society1521 Words   |  7 Pageseasily be seen that the Industrial Revolution is one of the most significant events in the formation of Western Society. During the period from 1780 to 1850 (Sherman and Salisbury 517), there were many technological advances made, and this period is known as the Industrial Revolution. The Revolution prompted massive economic growth, urbanization, changes in gender roles, and paved the way for the development of the modern Western society. Although the Scientific Revolution allowed for the innovationRead MoreThe Era Of Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought considerable changes and advancements to the human society. For instance, the age of exploration led explorers such as Columbus and Dias to discover unknown continents and routes. The age of enlightenment caused a burst of knowledge and ideas based on reason from people such as John Locke and Voltaire. The most important era, however, that brought substantial and visible change to the way of living is the era of Industrial Revolution. The period of the Industrial revolution began in the earlyRead MoreA Short Statement Defining The Industrial Revolution1077 Words   |  5 Pagesshort Statement defining the industrial revolution The industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, and was the introduction of machinery. A statement around examining the industrial revolution with a focus on the lives of children and the impact the industrial revolution had on their lives In the Industrial revolution children had to work alongside with their parents mostly on farms for generations. It continued during the Revolution as children worked with theirRead MoreThe Invention Of The First Industrial Revolution1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution Envision living in a society dominated by factories that just recently transformed from arable land and farms. Imagine constantly hearing about brand new inventions and ideas that were deemed impossible only a few years ago. Visualize working long hours in cramped factories, in exchange for low pay and contagious diseases. For some people that lived during the age of industrialization, this was their reality of life. During the 18th and 19th century, the world wasRead MoreEffects Of The Industrial Revolution Britain. The Industrial1599 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of the Industrial Revolution Britain The Industrial revolution began in the mid-1700 s in parts of Eastern England and Southern Scotland and probably would not have taken place without the dramatic enhancements in farming that began in the early 1700 s. The agricultural revolution started well before the Industrial Revolution but once mechanisation began the two revolutions became interlinked and worked hand in hand. As the historian, J.H. Clapham quantified, â€Å"even if the history of the

Empirical and Theoretical Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Empirical and Theoretical Analysis. Answer: Introduction: Capital budgeting is a technique through which the business takes decision related to selection of the project to be carried out by it. It takes into consideration the investment made by the company in a particular project and the returns that will be generated from the project. Sensitivity analysis helps in providing additional information relating to the selection of the project. There are different methods used to examine the financial effect of a certain project. Sensitivity analysis is a technique used to evaluate the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable under a given set of assumptions. Besides this, it has some limitations as it takes into consideration one or more variables as an input to know their effect on the dependent variable for example changes in the interest rates have an effect on the prices of bonds (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). It is also regarded as a what-if analysis which facilitates in prediction of an outcome of a decision with certain number of variables. These variables help in gaining knowledge of the effect of changes in one variable on the outcome. Sensitivity analysis facilitates in providing the information related to the impact of range of variables on a given outcome. This analysis facilitates businesses to gain knowledge regarding the outcome that will be obtained related to the project at the time of the assumptions turned out to be unreliable. Besides this, it also make changes in the assumption in order to find its impact on the finances generated from the project. This help businesses to make strategies for the projects that does not generate expected profits (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). Sensitivity analysis is carried out on a project before making investment in it in order to gain knowledge regarding its results under valid and reliable assumptions. It helps in assessing the risks by the way of variables that have a large influence on the net benefits of the project. Besides this, it also helps in measuring the influence of the variables on the net benefits of the project in numerical terms. It also facilitates in testing or verifying the effects of the variations in the variables on the IRR of the project. It is the tool used to quantify the risk parameters and its consequences for the purpose of establishing a valid risk level in a particular situation. Besides this, sensitivity analysis also helps in the assessment of the responsiveness of the NPV to changes in the variables used for the calculation of the NPV (Dayananda, 2002). There are different independent variables on which the NPV of the project depends such as selling price, sales volume, initial outlay, discount rates and so on. Therefore, the sensitivity analysis provides information related to the impact on the NPV of the project by the changes made in one or more of these variables. Along with this, this analysis also helps in finding out the reasons behind the failure of the project. It also helps in finding out that to which variables, NPV is most sensitive. This information helps in controlling of those variables to which NPV is most sensitive in order to attain positive returns from the project after a certain period (Zhamoida and Matsiuk, 2011). Scenario Analysis in Capital Budgeting It is the process that helps in the estimation of the expected value of a portfolio after a given period of time by making assumptions related to the changes in the values of the securities present in the portfolio. It is mainly used to estimate the changes in the value of the portfolio in response to an unfavourable event. It also facilitates in making changes in the value of a portfolio on the basis of the occurrence of different situations that are referred to as scenarios. There are several methods through which scenario analysis can be done such as standard deviation of monthly security returns and estimating the expected value of the portfolio that provides returns (Baker and English, 2011). Scenario analysis helps in accessing different outputs of the project. In addition to this, it also facilitates in determination of standard deviation, variance of NPV. In addition to this, it poses difficulty in estimating the probabilities of the occurrence of the events. Scenario analysis helps in the estimation of cash flows from risky assets by the way of estimation of the cash flows from most likely scenario and the use of probability average of the cash flows in different scenarios. There might be also a possibility that cash flows might be higher than the expected in some scenarios. Besides this, it might also be possible that the scenarios might be less than the expected cash flows in some scenarios. For the purpose of gaining insights regarding the effect of risk on different variables, scenario analysis is used as it helps in the determination and anticipation of the value of the asset and cash flows under various scenarios (Gitman, Juchau and Flanagan, 2015). For the purpose of assessing the value of the firm, there is a need of estimating the revenue and profit at high levels and discount rates at low level. This scenario is considered best for the company as it results in increasing the bottom line of the organisation. In place of estimating the revenue growth and margins, there is a requirement of making a choice between taking those scenarios in consideration related to profit margin and revenue growth that provides feasible yields and outcome. There are four steps in which a scenario analysis is conducted (Lee and Lee, 2016). In the first step different factors are analysed and selected around which different scenarios are built. These factors may include a new plant, competitors for a consumer product firm, a new phone service and so on. It is required for the analysts to focus on two or three critical factors that help in the determination of the asset and framing scenarios around these factors. The second step is the determination of more number of scenarios for each factor in order to get realistic results. The next step is to estimate the cash flows for the asset under each scenario. The last step is to assigning probabilities to each scenario (Lasher, 2016). Capital Asset Pricing Model and Capital Market Line Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model that helps in determination of the relationship between expected return for assets and systematic risk. CAPM model helps in the calculation of the return on investment and investment risk that are expected from a asset or stocks. There is an existence of two types of risks in an investment such as systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk cannot be diversified and regarded as market risk such as recession and interest rates. In addition to this, unsystematic risk is a risk specific to individual stocks and can be diversified as there is an increase in the number of stocks in a portfolio. This type of risk is that part of the stock return which is not affected by the movements in the market environment (Levy, 2011). The formula of the CAPM model is expressed as follows. As per the CAPM model, beta is considered as the best measure of the risk of a stock. Capital Market Line is the tangent line which starts from the risk free asset to feasible region for risky rates (Levy, 2011). The equation of capital market line is as follows: E(Rp) = xE(Ry)+(1-x)Rf Where: (1-x) = the portfolio percentage which is invested in the risk free asset x= the portfolio percentage which is invested in risky assets Rf= the risk free interest rate E(Ry)= the expected return of the risky asset portfolio There are certain assumptions made under CAPM model. It is assumed that investors diversify their portfolios. In addition to this, a single holding period is assumed by the CAPM for the purpose of making comparisons of the returns on different securities. It is also assumed that the investors borrow and lend the securities at risk free rate of return. The other assumption is that the securities are valued correctly so that the returns can be plotted on security market line. There is certain assumption such as there is absence of taxes and transaction costs (Sharifzadeh, 2010). Besides this, the information is freely available to investors. Besides this, there is an existence of risk averse investors. In addition to this, CML does not provide information related to the relationship between risks associated with individual securities and returns obtained from them. CML considers only those portfolios in which the risks are not diversified. There is no use of risky investments in CML. Besides this, the relationship between risk and return on individual securities are calculated by security market line. In the capital market line, efficient portfolios are considered. In the above graph all the securities lie on the CML. The risk free assets are denoted by E (Rp), and risky portfolio is denoted by M. C denotes risk avoiders and L denotes risk takers (Krschner, 2008). Similarities between CML and CAPM Security market line shows the equilibrium relationship between the co variance of the securities with the market portfolio and expected return on securities. It is also referred to as CAPM. Besides this, there is an existence of a positive correlation between the CML and CAPM which states that the higher the risk the investor takes will receive high returns on their portfolio. Both the tools are considered as the best tool by the investors as it facilitates them to select the portfolio. These tools are considered viable for the purpose of management and analysis of the portfolios and investment (Pahl, 2009). Differences between CAPM and CML The relationship between E(r) and for the efficient portfolios along with the efficient frontier is represented by CML. In addition to this, it also provides information between equilibrium relationship between those securities that does not possess unsystematic risk. On the other hand CAPM takes into consideration all the securities and portfolio irrespective of their efficiency but CML only takes one efficient portfolio. CAPM measures risks by the beta coefficient whereas, CML measure risks by the way of standard deviation (Giovanis, 2010). In addition to this, under CAPM, investors only takes into consideration risk and return and ignore transaction costs and taxes. In contrast to this, investors make a choice of the portfolio on the basis of riskless securities and market portfolio in CML. CAPM model provides risk return trade-off which means that the investors who make investment in risky assets gain high profits in return whereas in CML the investor estimates the return on its investment on the basis of its risk bearing capacity in a portfolio (Trunda, 2011). Besides this, the cost of equity, risk premium, returns and hurdle rates can be determined by the way of CAPM with regard to both efficient and inefficient portfolio, but in the case of CML, the cost, return, and hurdle rates are determined in efficient portfolios only (Elton, et al. 2009). It can be concluded that nowadays, companies focus on making corporate decision making by the use of different capital budgeting techniques in order to select the best project which provides higher returns. For this purpose, managers take into consideration the sensitivity and scenario analysis. These tools help in considering different circumstances and their probable impact on the portfolio or the outcome of the project. This helps in taking appropriate decisions related to making investment in the project or not. For the purpose of taking decisions top level management involves middle level managers in order to take appropriate decisions as the risks can be quantified and its impact on the project and portfolio is determined. Besides this, CML and CAPM model is being used to make a decision by the investor to make a decision of making investments in a portfolio or not References Baker, H.K. and English, P. 2011. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. John Wiley Sons. Bierman, H. and Smidt, S. 2014. Advanced Capital Budgeting: Refinements in the Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge. Dayananda, D. 2002. Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects. Cambridge University Press. Ehrhardt, M. and Brigham, E. 2008. Corporate Finance: A Focused Approach. Cengage Learning. Elton, E.J. et al. 2009. Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis. John Wiley Sons. Giovanis, E. 2010. Application of Capital Asset Pricing (CAPM) and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) Models in Athens Exchange Stock Market. GRIN Verlag. Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J. 2015. Principles of Managerial Finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Krschner, M. 2008. Limitations of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). GRIN Verlag. Lasher, W.R. 2016. Practical Financial Management. Cengage Learning. Lee, J.C. and Lee, C.F. 2016. Financial Analysis, Planning amp; Forecasting: Theory and Application. World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Levy, H. 2011. The Capital Asset Pricing Model in the 21st Century: Analytical, Empirical, and Behavioral Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. Pahl, N. 2009. Principles of the Capital Asset Pricing Model and the Importance in Firm Valuation. GRIN Verlag. Peterson, P.P. and Fabozzi, F.J. 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Sharifzadeh, M. 2010. An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis of Capital Asset Pricing Model. Universal-Publishers. Trunda, M. 2011. Capital Asset Pricing Model. GRIN Verlag. Zhamoida, O.A. and Matsiuk, M.S. 2011. Sensitivity Analysis in Capital Budgeting. Economic Herald of the Donbas 4(26), pp. 132-136.

One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest Essays (3299 words) - Randle McMurphy

One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest By Ken Kesey 1. How would you describe your main character? Become his ?voice? and write about who he believes they are. I might frighten some of you at first, and others may think of me as some crazy man who has no business living in a normal society. Well, if you thought any of those, you're wrong. I, Randle McMurphy, might have gotten in four or five fights and have been in jail and the work farm for sometime, but I feel that it is necessary to get certain ideas across to people and violence is usually the only way to do that. However, speaking about the crazy part, I do not feel that I'm crazy. I don't sit and daze out in the middle of nowhere; I don't walk up and down a hallway; I talk and listen and I am able to think on my own. Now, by explaining myself to you, I ask you why I am in this dumb mental hospital talking to people who have no sense about life. In fact, I could not even answer the question but I know that I have no voice in the decision of my presence hear. I am probably the biggest rebel you will ever see and I do not take dictation very well. When I first came to the hospital, the other patients knew I was different because I did not listen to the black workers and especially Ms. Ratched, the Big Nurse who had control over the patients. My biggest conflict was with the nurse. Everyday day we had therapy meetings, where Nurse Ratched tried to help the mental patients cope with their problems. While in the circle, I noticed that when asked to talk by the nurse, the patients stood silent because they were scared of the nurse. To me, she was nothing but a ruthless woman who took advantage of her position as the head nurse. But for me, being the rebel that I am, I did not want this lady to control me or the other boys. So I started to talk to these people and try to make them comfortable with me in order to get them on my side. This conflict was my drive that kept me interested in the mental hospital. One guy, Chief Bromden, was supposedly deaf and never spoke. After being the only one who tried to get through to him, he finally spoke to me and became my ?sidekick.? I didn't pay attention to the others' ideas about the chief so I taught him things through examples, and it paid off in the end. Also, I taught the boys how to gamble and I tried to make everything in the ward fun and enjoyable because to me, the mental hospital seemed worse than a jail. After a while of communicating to the patients, they began to have fun and enjoyed being in the ward. Also, I had to make a few bets in order to get the patients to trust and respect me, and it worked. I questioned the ideas of the authorities and I tried to ratify the rules in order to make it a pleasing environment for the patients, and I succeeded. The Nurse began to lose control over the patients and the patients followed my lead by fighting for what they wanted rather than going over the same routine. By following my footsteps, the patients finally found the light within society, and stepped into it with open arms and wishful smiles. No longer were they under the control of the system and its rules; I had broken free from the routine, and in the end, changed the world as they knew it. As I look back at what I had done, I am pleased that I was able to change such a system that was detrimental to the patient's desires to see what life is really about. Even though I did gamble with them in order to make a few bucks, over time I felt that my presence in the mental hospital was really big in the minds of the patients. I was like Christ to them, in