The Crucible Critical evaluation By Gordon Walker Essays

The Crucible Critical evaluation By Gordon Walker Essays The Crucible Critical evaluation By Gordon Walker Paper The Crucible Critical evaluation By Gordon Walker Paper Essay Topic: Literature In the play the crucible by Arthur Millar, the main character John proctor is faced by a number of important decisions that come to a dramatic climax upon which John has to decide wither to keep his name, integrity and honour or keep his life. John was found in this uncompromising situation during the puritan time of 1692, in a small village situated in the state of Massachusetts called Salem. During this time the settlers of Salem were devoted Christians and had a deep believe in the existence of witches, and in believing their alliance with Satan saw them as a work of pure evil, and as a direct enemy of god and subsequently themselves. During a time where accusations of witchcraft are frequent, and taken with increasing belief, a difficult situation arises for johns strong rebellious, and somewhat unusual character. Arthur Millar himself describes him as a man in his prime. with a quiet confidence and an unexpressed, hidden force; John Proctor is a different character from the norm in his village, a fact even emphasized by the mere fact he lives five miles out for the village in a neighboring farm. This link in his physical difference from the town can be directly linked to his emotional difference with its citizens. Unlike his fellow Salems john is a man of principles, who doesnt blindly follow authority, and who fights for what he believes is right and true no matter whom he is challenging. Once such conflict to show this element of his character can be seen in his discontent with the town reverend Parris. John feels that Parris is not a suitable minister, in a time where people where expected to simply follow orders he defies and clearly admits it ake it to heart, Mr. Parris. There are many who stay away from church these days because you hardly mention God anymore, and when told of an opposing faction to rev. Parris he says why then I must find it and join it then continuing to back up his statement with I mean it solemnly I like not the smell of his authority showing his sheer lack of intimidation by authority. Johns bravery, and reluctance to simply follow the majority is also shown in his skeptical view of the initial cry of witchcraft. John responds by implying that the talk of witchcraft is ridiculous, which can be seen when he first speaks to Rev. Hale Ive heard you are a sensible man, Mr. Hale. I hope youll leave some of it in Salem. John Proctor makes a number of decisions throughout the play all a different fork in the road that leads to his final destiny, all leading to his final culminating decision. The first Major decision that John makes is when Elizabeth is taken to court, and John decides to take Mary and go to the court to expose Abigails lie youre coming to the court with me, Mary. You will tell it in court. This is a significant decision as John knows fine well that his challenging of the court could very well expose his own impurities i. e. his affair with Abigail Williams, or could condemn himself, but fuelled by love and a tremendous sense of integrity and bravery he continues down this path. Next John is faced with the decision of wither to simply accept the offer of his wifes freedom (for a year) or to battle on to save her and his friends indefinitely. Upon being asked if he would accept these terms he stated I-I think I cannot then these are my friends. Their wives are also accused so consequently John refuses the easy option of backing down and coming to a compromise. Instead he bravely wishes to fight on against the odds for the greater good and free all the innocent people from false accusation and give them the freedom they truly deserve. Once again Proctor is fully aware of the implementations that this could have bravely battling at the risk of being found out. The next decision that John Proctor makes is one of great significance, and one that involves great pain and embarrassment for him. In the difficult situation of having Abigail wining over the court John proctor is forced to prove that Abigail isnt the saint she proclaims to be, after previous evidence failing and in a desperate situation John is forced to bring up his affair with Abigail, as this will disclose the true nature of Abigails character and show her to be a fraud. He confesses, I have know her, sir I have know her. in this theatrical public confession John puts his own name on the line, his name that is of such significance to this man of his principles. He makes this decision purely for the good of others and to stop the wickedness of Abigail. Unfortunately for John once again Abigail fools the court and all his efforts seem to be in vain. In a fit of anger, and frustration he makes a fateful decision, he decides to speak straight from his blackened heart, one dirty by everyones naive belief in such lies. He screams I say- I say- God is dead! this outburst seals his fate which is even tighter sealed when he says we will burn, we will burn together! and sums up the proceeding by saying You are pulling down heaven and raising up a whore! John throughout the book fights a terrible battle with the court, and believers of Abigail, but probably the greatest battle John Proctor has to deal with is his own personal conflict with his conscious. When presented with the opportunity to live (if he would only betray his principles), John has to consider his own life, and his principles and decide which matters the most to him. Her fights a tremendous struggle changing his mind several times to find an outcome true to him. After intense deliberation with his wife, Elizabeth tells John Do what you will. But let none be your judge so then Proctor decides, I want my life. This first decision shows that his wife and will to live are very strong within him, and wins this first battle that is Johns war inside his conscious. John is angered by the courts constant antagonistic requests, and at first offering refuses to signing himself to his confession. John proclaims You have all witnessed it- it is enough. Continuing hat more is needed? . Eventually John signs himself to the document when all the while the true feeling in his heart grows stronger, fuelled by rage. Proctor is hounded more as Danforth asks for the paper john refuses No, no, I have signed it. You have seen me. It is done! . The confused court ask Proctor why he may confess but not sign his name, then proctor speaks straight from the soul with all his true feelings Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of those who hang! How may I live without my name? Now proctor has made his final decision and come to the end of his path, his various decisions throughout the play all culminate to his death. Proctors principles and honour have won at the sacrifice of his life, but the true pure Christian light of his soul has shone through in the end and John Proctor has died a content and honorable man. The title is significant due to the similarities of an actual crucible to the heated situation of Salem. In this crucible that John found himself in all the impurities of the town of Salem, and all those deep inside him have all been incinerated, and the truly good and pure people (including john) have emerged. John has emerged pure, good and enlightened. Johns final decision (not understood by most) is wonderfully summed up by his wifes brave realization He has his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! Proctor no longer is tormented by the impurities of his soul or of lies, he is free now, he is at ease, and he is with God. He died a true Christian man, the way he always wanted.

Birth of individual in the enlightenment essays

Birth of individual in the enlightenment essays There are several themes developed during the Enlightenment, and it is hard to separate them, into causes, effects, side-effects etc. There do exist common threads however, one of which I intend to describe. As impossible as it is to pick one theme as the most important, I believe that it is in the birth of the individual that the Enlightenment owes its existence to. The events that I wish to use as examples of this point of view are the separation of church and state, the scientific revolution, the new theories of government and the start of capitalist thought. The importance and power of the individual was not fully realised until ideas were transformed through the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the rise of capitalism. These movements helped Europe realise the latent potential within an individual. Until such progressive movements occurred, the individual was neglected. For example the new Christian sects that were created undermined the church as having an absolute truth because each religion claimed to have an absolute truth of their own, separate from their counterparts. One now had the option to freely choose his or her faith rather than accept beliefs that were forced upon him. Also, theology adapted from one dictatorial faith to a variety that better suited society and its members. The scientific revolution can also be considered from the point of the individual Newton and his contemporaries all emphasised empirical science, ie only accepting what their senses told them. The rise of capitalism is one of the most substantial manifestations of the importance of the individual. Adam Smith was the foremost thinker in this area, by proposing a system of economic liberty whereby each individual is free to choose how to expend their productive labour and capital laissez faire. ...

Young people who may be experiencing SOCIAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL Literature review

Young people who may be experiencing SOCIAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES where should schools focus - Literature review Example Issues of Educating Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 1.5. Summary 1.1. Introduction This chapter aims at providing the conceptual base of the overall study. It develops the chosen topic through critically reviewing up-to-date and relevant sources on the problem of education of young people who may be experiencing social, emotional or behavioral difficulties. Importantly, the review is based on variety of pertinent scholarly sources: books, journal articles, etc. The research hypothesis of this part of the research is â€Å"Schools should primarily focus on the problem of inclusion of young people who may be having social, emotional and behavioral difficulties into mainstream schooling†. The hypothesis is tested through critical analysis of a number of viewpoints expressed by both academic and practicing educators. The topic has been developed through analysis and critical review of a range of pertinent sources in the following directions: 1) students wi th Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: hallmark features; 2) types of Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and 3) issues of educating students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 1.2. Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Hallmark Features Social Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties is a term that has been defined in many ways, which allows interpreting it rather broadly and vaguely. The term is predominantly used in the sphere of education service to refer to severe and continuous difficulties that students face in behavior emotions, as well as social conduct and relationships. Importantly, the difficulties mentioned are found to interfere with students’ progress in learning and development. As Poulou and Norwich point out, â€Å"it is a term that overlaps with psychiatric disorder at one end and disruptive behavior or behavior problems at the other† (Poulou and Norwich, 2002, p. 112). The term’s usage has faced a lot of confusion, yet a plenty of definitions have got a common point. It is its focus on behaviors found disturbing by the majority of teachers’ staff and parents (Galloway and Goodwin 1987). The typical definition deals with understanding SEBD as internalizing and externalizing difficulties. In other words, difficulties that are related to emotional and behavioral or social conduct. According to Cooper, the term has been widely used among educators and focuses on a generally vast number of problems (Cooper 1996). The characteristics that are applicable to students with SEBD are of behavioral and social nature. The analysis of academic research of the last two decades allows concluding that these students often display aggression, as well as delinquency, which are both types of externalizing behavior (Achenbach, 1991). Also, they frequently display types of internalizing behavior such as anxiety plus depression (Morris, Shah, and Morris, 2002) and if to speak about their pe ers as well as teachers, they have impaired relationships with the latter (Walker, Ramsey, and Cresham, 2004; Walker et al, 1992). Additionally, students with EBD are often characterized as having critical deficiencies in their ability to read and react to social signals (Walker, Colvin, and Ramsey, 1995; Coie & Jacobs, 1993). At the same time, the academic deficits which are found within this subgroup of students have been the focus of most recent research in the field (Wehby, Lane, & Falk, 2003; Lane, Gresham, & O'Shaughnessy, 2002; Hinshaw, 1992; Lane & Wehby, 2002; Lane, 2004). Students that are diagnosed with having EBD face significant difficulties in how they develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with other people. Other problem areas include display of prosocial behavior signs, and

Service Contracting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Service Contracting - Essay Example There is a need to create methods that allow tools to rationalize about service contracts concerning their value. Feasibility analyzes help to unravel mainly and reasonably the merits and demerits of an up and running business or prospective business project, opportunities and risks existing in the setting. According to Kelly (2010), feasibility analysis helps present a chronological data of a business venture, brief account of the product or service, account statements, data of the activities and managerial aspects. Also, it helps present legal obligations including economic and tax information. Over and above, the efficacy of feasibility analyzes entails measuring the businesss prospective success. In this regard, an objective report gives the potential investors a chance to make correct decisions. The contractor selection process, which results in the awarding of construction contracts, is a significant factor in the building and construction industry. Many legal guidelines require that contractor selection process begin with a public advertisement where all the candidates submit their bids (Savas, 2005). These contracts can be granted via direct selection of informal competitive bidding process or negotiated contracting. The best practice techniques for administering a service contract entails adopting methods that institutions can use in establishing mistakes in the purchasing, managing and administering service contracts (Kelly, 2010). The best practices are actual approaches that institutions can use to boost the procurement process. Above all, best practice techniques entail to specific institutional procedures, standard, budget and time limits. In order to have a service contract objective, the public must be protected. This is because of the probability of acquiring poor quality service, elements of underperformance or failure concerns that can easily put the members of the public in

The Effects of Burning Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Burning Essay This study analyzes the effect of burning on the decay process, abundance of invertebrate fauna, and the diversity of invertebrate fauna in the pig liver samples; effect of the length of decay to the diversity of soil invertebrate fauna; and, the effect of the length of decay to the numbers of the soil invertebrate fauna. Two hundred grams (440 lbs) samples of pig (Sus scrofa L. ) liver were utilized in this experiment by exposing it to the grassland soil environment around Byrom Street Complex between 2 days and 4 weeks. At day 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 burnt and unburnt liver samples and five soil cores from underneath the liver samples were collected and placed at -20 °C to prevent further degradation and multiplication of the invertebrate fauna present in the sample. Then the invertebrates present in the pig liver samples and soil cores were extracted, identified, and counted. The study results which were tested with a two sided t-test shows evidence that there is significant effect of burning in the abundance of invertebrate fauna in the corpse of vertebrate animal species. Burning decreases the number of invertebrate fauna colonizing the dead body remains. The t-test analysis of the data gathered also proves the significance of the relationship between the rate of decay of dead body remains and the burning. The study concludes that the invertebrate fauna abundance does not increase in relation to the length of decay. The Effects of Burning on Diversity and Numbers of Invertebrate Fauna in Decaying Dead Bodies of Vertebrate Animals and Soil with Decaying Dead Matter INTRODUCTION Decaying vertebrate remains are good food source for insects whilst these insects are also of significance in the decomposition of these remains. The scavenging invertebrate fauna of vertebrate body remains today is utilized as important tools in the identification of the time elapsed since the death of the body. Continuous research has been done on the matter thus the emergence of forensic entomology which is the employment of invertebrate fauna such as arthropods, earthworms, and slugs in determining the time elapse from the death of the vertebrate animals especially human beings(Gomes, 2006). This field in forensic science known specifically as medicocriminal or medicolegal entomology which focus on the utilization of arthropod evidence for the criminal investigation of wrongful or unexplained deaths has gained significant importance in legal medicine(Tabor, 2004). Body temperature and conditions like rigor mortis or livor mortis are insignificant factors to consider during cases wherein the human carcass has been found days after his or her death. During these cases the insects that colonize the decaying dead human’s remains can provide information about the postmortem interval (PMI). Evidence that can serve as tool for the measurement of the PMI can be provided by the age of the immature stages of insects existing in the human carcass(Gomes, 2006). Established data regarding the development of arthropods which are significant in forensic investigations on the dead body remains that are derived through various controlled studies are employed in the conduct of forensic entomology(Tabor, 2004). Various conditions though like the species of invertebrate animals to be considered and the climatic condition of the location of death affect the accuracy of the information provided by this forensic entomology(Gomes, 2006). Thus, there is a necessity to conduct studies and establish arthropod colonization patterns in corpse of different locations of the globe. The progression of the global acceptance of forensic entomology in the investigation of criminal cases like murders catalyzed the various studies and researches conducted on this matter. The insects belonging to the family Calliphoridae which is commonly known as â€Å"blowflies† in particular are currently employed as biological clock for the determination of the time of death for more than two weeks. Some of the other insects found to be of significant importance in forensic entomology are: Chrysomya spp. , Cochliomyia spp. , Lucilia spp. , Fannia spp. , Drosophila spp. , Musca spp. , Nasonia spp. , Tineola spp. , Geotrupes spp. , and Necrobia spp(Gomes, 2006). The earliest invertebrates which will colonize dead body remains of vertebrate animals including humans are the necrophilus fly species which are of the family Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae. When the maggots of these invertebrates arise, beetles which belong to the families Staphylidae, Silphidae, and Histeridae are the next ones to colonize the corpse because they fed on the maggots of the necrophilus flies. Beetles that are under the family Dermestidae are usually the late ones to colonize the dead body remains of vertebrates because they thrive on dry stages of decomposing corpse. In different locations around the globe there is variation in the patterns of invertebrate fauna colonization due to the variations in arthropod families thriving factors(Tabor, 2004). The general objective of this study is to verify the utilization of invertebrate fauna as indicators of the time elapsed from the death of the vertebrate animal. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the following: the existence of the effect of burning on the decay process, abundance of invertebrate fauna, and the diversity of invertebrate fauna in the pig liver samples; effect of the length of decay to the diversity of soil invertebrate fauna; and, the effect of the length of decay to the numbers of the soil invertebrate fauna MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies associated to forensic entomology use various types of carcasses like that of the dogs, pigs, and calves. In this study, samples of the pig (Sus scrofa) liver were utilized because whilst it is the widely utilized and acceptable animal model, humans have similar characteristics with this animal specie such as the type of digestive system and the omnivorous characteristic. Two hundred grams (440 lbs) samples of pig liver were utilized for the experiments. All the pig livers were placed on the same day on the surface of the grassland soil around Byrom Street Complex between 2 days and 4 weeks. Wire coverings were utilized to prevent seagulls and other scavengers from consuming the pig liver samples placed in the grassland soil. All the samples have the same exposure to the weather and invertebrate infestation. The pig liver samples were of two types the burnt and unburned (control) samples. At day 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 burnt and unburnt liver samples were collected and placed at -20 °C to prevent further degradation and multiplication of the invertebrate fauna present in the samples. The unburnt and burnt liver samples utilized in the experiment were identical in number. The liver samples which were used as the burnt variable were first covered with petrol before being burnt until crisp, dry, and black in the outer surface. In each same time intervals, five soil cores were collected from underneath the liver samples. The invertebrates which were present in these soil cores were extracted, identified, and counted. During the examination time, the pig liver samples from the temperature of -20 °C were weighed and then the colour and the state of decay were noted. The invertebrates which were present in the in the pig liver samples were extracted, identified, and counted. The larvae of flies were classified into first, second, or third instar. The taxonomic groupings like the phylum, orders, and genus of the invertebrates collected from the pig liver samples were included in the identification, classification, and recording of the invertebrate species present in the samples. The species considered in the identification and classification of the invertebrate fauna extracted from the pig liver samples were: species under suborder Nematocera, Stratiomyia species, Fannia spp. , Calliphora spp. (blowflies), species of family Lumbricidae (Earthworms), species of class Gastropoda (Slugs), species of Subclass Acari (Mites), species of order Collembola, species of order Diplura, Superclass Myriapoda (Millipedes and Centipedes), and species of family Carabidae. All the observations were recorded and tabulated after the experimentation proper. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS There are a variety of data gathered in this study thus the t-test was employed not only once in the analysis of the diverse gathered data. To determine the effect of burning on the abundance of invertebrate fauna in the decaying body remains a two sided t-test is done. The hypothesis (ho) is that the number of Calliphora spp. colonizing the decomposing vertebrate animal part is equal in the burnt and unburnt pig liver samples. The effect of burning on the rate of decomposition of body tissues was also analyzed through a two way t-test and the hypothesis (ho) is that the rate of decay process is equal in both the burnt and unburnt pig liver samples. Abundance of invertebrate fauna in soil in relation to the length of pig liver sample decay is determined by a two sided t-test with the hypothesis (ho) that the invertebrate fauna abundance RESULTS The primary invertebrate fauna which was observed in this study is the blowflies or Calliphora species. There are other species that were extracted from the liver sample though but the numbers are lesser than ten for each species and compared to the number of the Calliphora species the collected other invertebrate species are insignificant in number. The results of the two sided t-test done for the determination if burning has effects on the abundance of invertebrate species implies that indeed burning vertebrate animal carcass is associated with decreased number of Calliphora spp. compared to the invertebrate animal species collected in the raw pig liver samples. At ? =10%, the computed value for /ttab/ is 1. 622 which is greater than ttab =1. 303. Then hypothesis (ho) which is the number of Calliphora spp. colonizing the decomposing vertebrate animal part is equal in the burnt and unburnt pig liver samples was rejected. Thus, the ha that is the number of Calliphora spp. collected from the raw pig liver samples are greater than the number of Calliphora spp. collected from the burnt pig liver sample is accepted. Therefore, there is significant evidence which supports that burning affects the abundance of invertebrate fauna colonizing vertebrate animal corpse by creating a condition that facilitates the decrease of the number of the invertebrate fauna being able to colonize the burnt vertebrate animal corpse. The existence larvae in the control liver pig samples were observed only until day 7 and the stage of larvae development is in the 1st and 2nd instar in both the raw (unburnt) and burnt pig liver samples. On the 10th day, a reduction in the number of Calliphora spp. larvae is observed whilst there is the development of some of the larvae into the third instar stage hence the stages of larvae observed in this collection period were 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instars for the unburnt pig liver samples. In the burnt liver samples the larval stages were not identified. On day 14, the numbers of Calliphora species extracted continued to decrease whilst the larval stages are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar for the unburnt pig liver samples. The Callipora spp. larvae collected from the burnt pig liver samples on day 14 are on the 3rd instar. On the 17th day a greater reduction in the number of Calliphora species present is observed but mainly the larval stage is the 3rd instar (Table 1). SAMPLES DAY 1 DAY 7 DAY 10 DAY 14 DAY 17 Raw liver sample 1 no larvae 1st 2nd instar larvae 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae no larvae Raw liver sample 2 no larvae 1st 2nd instar larvae 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae 2nd and 3rd instar larvae 3rd instar larvae Burnt liver sample 1 no larvae 1st 2nd instar larvae Larval stage not identified 3rd instar larvae 3rd instar larvae Burnt liver sample 2 no larvae 1st 2nd instar larvae Larval stage not identified 3rd instar larvae 3rd instar larvae Table 1. The stages of larval development observed in the burnt and unburnt pig liver samples. The effect of burning on the rate of decomposition of body tissues (pig liver samples) were analyzed also using a two sided t-test. Since the data on the burnt and unburnt pig liver samples have two replicates the average of this data was used in the analysis. A graph of this average shows the difference of the decomposition rate of body tissues in the raw state and the burnt state (Figure 1). There is an observable greater decrease in tissue mass of the raw pig liver samples onwhen compared to the tissue mass decay of the burnt pig liver samples. The two sided t-test analysis result reject the hypothesis (ho) is that the rate of decay process is equal in both the burnt and unburnt pig liver samples. The computed value for /ttab/ at ? =10% is 1. 899. This is greater than ttab =1. 303 , thus the null hypothesis (ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis which is raw pig liver sample tissue decomposed (in kilograms) is greater than the tissue decomposed in the burnt pig liver samples. The rate of decomposition thus is faster in unburnt vertebrate body remains when compared to the burnt body remains. The number of invertebrate colonization in the soil in relation to the length of corpse decay in the different sample types is shown in figure 2. In each sample type (control, raw, and burnt pig liver samples) there were 6 replicates thus the values of the replicates were averaged and then tabulated and converted into a graph. The graph shows that in both the raw (unburnt) and burnt pig liver samples the peak number of invertebrates collected is in day 7. There was greater number of invertebrates collected in the soil with burnt pig liver sample (average of 234 invertebrates) on the 7th day collection compared to the collected invertebrates in the soil with raw pig liver sample. Abundance of invertebrate fauna in soil in relation to the length of pig liver sample decay is determined by a two sided t-test with the hypothesis (ho) that the invertebrate fauna abundance (number of invertebrates) increases in relation to the progression of the length of decay. The t- test result rejects the hypothesis (ho) that the invertebrate fauna abundance (number of invertebrates) increases in relation to the progression of the length of decay. The computed value for /ttab/ at ? =10% is 2. 278 which is greater than ttab =1. 303. The invertebrate fauna does not decrease with the progression of the decay due to the life cycling of the invertebrates. DISCUSSION The predominant invertebrate species that first arrive in the dead body remains of vertebrates especially humans are the blowflies which belong to the family Calliphoridae and the members of these family are commonly known as Green bottle flies, House flies, and Blue Bottle flies. The stages of the life cycle of these flies are the egg, first instar larvae, second instar larvae, third instar larvae, prepupa, pupa, and adult(Steck-Flynn, 2003). These species of invertebrate fauna are first colonizers of vertebrate dead animal remains hence there population are the predominant ones observed in this study. The pattern of colonization abundance in the soil is different in both the raw and burnt liver pig samples (Fig. 2). The colonization abundance in the soil with raw pig liver samples has a major and minor peak in the five collection days which is in day 7 and day 14 respectively. The invertebrate fauna collected on the soil with burnt pig sample on the other hand has the major peak also at day 7 but the other peak is not in the scope of the 5 collection days (day3, 7, 10, 14, 17). The soil invertebrate colonization thus has a later cycle in the burnt pig liver sample when compared to the raw pig liver sample. The invertebrate fauna species that have majority of the population of the collected specimens were the blowflies (Calliphora spp. ). The other invertebrate species that has significant numbers in the collected population are: Mites, Collembola, Diplura, Carabid/ Staphylinid larvae, and Earthworms. The faster rate of decomposition of raw vertebrate dead body tissues when compared to the burnt vertebrate dead body tissues is attributed to the presence of more materials that the invertebrates can fed on. The burnt tissues of invertebrate dead bodies have have lesser water content and the tissues are covered with carbon dioxide instead of oxygen. Palatability may be the reason behind the invertebrate animal’s preference for raw than burnt corpse. The lesser invertebrates that feed on the dead body remains the longer the decay of it hence the burnt dead body remains will take longer time to decompose(de Carvalho, 2001). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES de Carvalho, L. (2001).Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(3). Gomes, L. V. Z. , CL. (2006). Forensic Entomology and Main Challenges in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 35(1), 001-011. Steck-Flynn, K. (2003). The Role Of Entomology In Forensic Investigations. Crime and Clues Retrieved January 19, 2008, from http://www. crimeandclues. com/entomology_intro. htm Tabor, K. B. , C; Fell, R. (2004). Analysis of the Successional Patterns of Insects on Carrion in Southwest Virginia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41(4), 785? 795.

Excellence in Engineering Education :: Education Engineer Educating Essays

How should we describe the excellent engineer and what kind of education is demanded by such a person? Several issues are involved. One of these is the character of our times; that is, the best engineer out of the "science engineering" model of the 1950s may have little value in the early 21st Century. Another issue is the concept of education. How do education and training differ and how is excellence achieved? Finally, clearly, there is the issue of what we would expect of an engineer who is truly excellent. Fortunately for us, ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) seeks to define the excellent engineer and the excellent engineering program by outlining a number of criteria that should be met by any accredited program in engineering education. It is important to note, at the outset, that ABET begins with an overarching criterion that "engineering programs must prepare graduates for the practice of engineering at a professional level." (My emphasis) This must mean something more than mere vocational training. As a professional, the engineer must exercise considerable autonomy and use intelligent individual judgment. The professional engineer can be no mere employee; he/she must become a partner in the development of technology. By its very nature a professional partnership involves certain viewpoints, methods, and standards developed by the community of professionals, who have common interests and objectives, and these must stand independent of those who would employ o r otherwise seek the service of these professionals. Three of the five criteria developed by ABET recognize aspects of the educational institution that, I suspect, all will agree with without much hesitation. Students of high quality must be attracted and served well. Faculty of high quality must be attracted and retained. Educational objectives must be stated clearly and publicly; some form of evaluation must be in place to assure that these objectives are achieved. The one worrisome aspect of the new ABET criteria is what appears to be an overwhelming emphasis on quantitative assessment, phrased in terms of outcomes. While it is one thing to plan for and hope for significant outcomes, it is another to expect that genuinely desirable outcomes will always be so "objective" that quantitative assessment is remotely possible. At the very least, there should be some allowance for the obvious fact that certain outcomes take longer than others to be realized. It is true, of course, that the longer an outcome takes, the more complex are the f actors that contribute to it.

The Real Romeo and Juliet

The ‘Real’ Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is well known throughout the world. However, there are some half truths throughout the story. These include the accurate author who happens to date back before Shakespeare’s birth. Also, some parts of his adaption are mistaken. Romeo and Juliet, the world famous play, isn’t merely a tale; it’s a real life story. Romeo and Juliet were not quite the people that Shakespeare portrayed in the play. Juliet is depicted as a 13 year old girl, while in truth she was 16 years old. Shakespeare made her younger to present her as â€Å"a young girl who is suddenly awakened to love. † (Romeo and Juliet Study Guide) Although some aspects of the true story were changed, others were kept spot on. Romeo and Juliet lived in Verona, Italy. At such an early age, they fell madly in love. However, the family of each lover happened to be sworn rivals. With parents and potions tearing at the love struck teens heart-strings, Romeo and Juliet proved true the moral of the story. Each moment truly made for a very dramatic and irrational ending. Love truly does withstand the tests of time. Shakespeare is very famous for his works of Hamlet, The Tragedy of Macbeth, and of course Romeo and Juliet. However, he did not write all these popular plays himself. The first note of Romeo and Juliet was back in the 1500’s. The main source of Shakespeare’s information was Arthur Brooke’s, The Tragicall Historye of Romeo and Juliet, a multi-thousand word poem. (Brad Lyons) The legend continues with a version written by Pierre Boiastuau. This account was from 1559 (Romeo and Juliet Study Guide) and Pierre used an Italian version by Bandello. The chain finally ceased with Luigi da Porto, who wrote Giulietta e Romeo, in 1530. (Brad Lyons)(Shakespeare for Students) William Shakespeare, the acclaimed author of Romeo and Juliet, was one of the greatest writers of his generation. However, he certainly had some help and inspirational guidance when developing his plays. Make no mistake, he was and always will be remembered for the superb tale of Romeo and Juliet. â€Å"Brad Lyons Romeo and Juliet in Verona†. 3/19/10 . â€Å"Romeo and Juliet Study Guide†. 3/19/10 . 2nd Edition Shakespeare for Students. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2007.

On Leadership Essay

Leadership could very much be likened to a driver of an automobile. Without it, the stationary vehicle may warrant some amount of value, yet it doesn’t live up fully to what it is worth. Without anyone to man its steering wheel, it would end up unmoving, stagnant, and eventually wasting opportunities to travel vast lands and reach great summits. Without someone to operate the car, there will be no one to lend his sense of direction. Without this someone, there will be no destination, much less any means to arrive to it. Without this someone, the car would ultimately miss the chance to possess an attribute which is very crucial to attain any accomplishment: the attribute of being DRIVEN. Likewise, being driven is essential to attaining success in the real world, which is why I deem leadership a significant part of life. In a world where tough competition is present almost everywhere, it isn’t enough anymore to merely possess knowledge or skills. So that success could be attained, there is a need to manage these raw gifts effectively and turn them into something more. And leadership makes that possible. I believe that leadership is built on the foundations of vision, drive and direction. Coupled with hard work and dedication, it enables people to maximize whatever resources they have, and allows them to achieve whatever goals they set upon themselves. Because for a group to function efficiently and idyllically, it must have a clear sense of what it aspires, where it wants to go, and how it is going to make it all happen. However, leadership should not only concern the what, the where, and the how. It is equally important that significant consideration be given to the why. Doing so is what I call responsible leadership. I believe that the ideal leader doesn’t only empower his followers; he empowers the society as a whole. It is something which separates a leader from a manager: a manager simply does things right, and a leader, aside from doing this, also makes it a point that he does the right things. All these years I have kept faith in the power of aggressive yet responsible leadership: leadership which inspires trust amid difficulties, which upholds long-term thinking while conquering immediate challenges at the same time. I always make it a point that I myself embody my own ideals of being a leader who could challenge the status quo and be a steward of progress and development. Indeed a great number of people have attempted to encapsulate the term leadership. But through these attempts do we discern that there are a myriad of meanings that could be associated with the word. Although I do agree with a number of the descriptions given, I sum it all up to one idea: that leadership is the one powerful requisite that could bridge the gap between your present location and your target destination, between your situation and your ambition, between where you are now†¦ and where you want to be.

Comparative Foreign Policy

Comparative Foreign Policy Introduction The armed conflict in Syria is the largest humanitarian crisis facing the world at the moment. Thousands of innocent Syrians have been killed, and there are still no clear plans from the international community on how to end this crisis (Russell, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Foreign Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the disagreement between major powers should be blamed on this failure. For instance, China and the US have differed on almost every proposal aimed at bringing an end to the atrocities in Syria. The foreign policies of the two countries are very different. China strictly adheres to the principle of non-intervention while the US believes that foreign intervention is necessary when a country is faced with a major humanitarian crisis. For that reason, unless one of the two countries changes its stand on Syria, a quick solution to the crisis will not be found. This essay compares the United States’ and China’s foreign policies on Syria. An Overview of the Crisis in Syria Syria is currently in the midst of armed conflict. This conflict is primarily between rebel fighters opposed to President Bashar al Asad rule and forces loyal to him. According to Sharp and Blanchard (2012), various sources claim that around 25,000 Syrians have been killed since the crisis started. Most members of the internal community believe that the Syrian president will be forced out of power. However, no specific plans or credible timetables on how this will be done are on offer. Syria’s crisis is, therefore, typified by uncertainty and misunderstandings (Russell, 2012). While the international community is debating on the best ways of intervening in Syria, the conflict is growing. This is a serious threat to the region’s stability. There is a high probability that this conflict may spill over to neighboring countries.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the unrest may create new breeding grounds for Al-Qaeda and other extremist organization. The situation in Syria has a close resemblance to what happened in the Kashmir region. Kashmir harbored key terrorist groups as the unrests provided excellent training sites for them (Hilali, 2004). Consequently, this conflict diverted attention from the war against terror. Major Differences Between the US’ and China’s Foreign Policies The United Nations (UN) General Assembly resolution 2131 (XX) declared that all countries should conduct their affairs independently (McWhinney, n.d.). Additionally, the principle of non-intervention prohibits any state from meddling in the internal affairs of another independent state (Adjei, 2005) Although the UN Charter prohibits the use of force or any military intervention in the internal affairs of a country, it permits the use of substantial force in extreme situations (Kinacioglu, n.d.). For that reason, the principles of the right to protect (R2P) and unilateral humanitarian intervention are preferred over the principle of non-intervention in most interventions. According to Peters (2009), sovereignty is derived from people and, therefore, their rights, interest, and security should be prioritized. State sovereignty, therefore, has a legal value only when it respects human rights (Halt, 2012). The United States has used such provisions to involve itself in other countries’ affairs. On the other hand, China has adhered to the principle of non-intervention and its interpretation. For that reason, China’s and United States’ foreign policies are very different. This explains why there are so many disagreements between these countries on the international front.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Foreign Policy specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, these disagreements are not healthy since they slow down the process of resolving major humanitarian crises facing the world. For instance, the international community is yet to come up with a plan to end the ongoing civil war in Syria. US Policy on Syria Since the 1980s, US policy towards Syria has revolved around confrontation, cautious engagement, and containment (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Therefore, successive US governments have sought to convince Syria to end its support for Hezbollah in Lebanon and extremists within Palestine. In addition, these governments have encouraged peace talks between Syria and Israel. However, the Obama administration is pursuing other policies. Some of these policies include demand for a political transition, international diplomacy, sanctions, humanitarian aid, and non-lethal aid. Other policy measures toward Syria include intelligent coordination, disruption of arms ship ment to the country and contingency planning. The US, through the leadership of President Obama, has been calling for Asad’s resignation since last year (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Moreover, the Obama administration has also pressured the United Nations Security to condemn the ongoing atrocities in Syria. In addition, US policymakers, in collaboration with the international community, are working on an improved international policy on Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). However, the US is yet to provide any clue on whether it will use its military in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Therefore, the debate on the United States’ mode of intervention in Syria continues. Some Congressmen and non-governmental observers feel that the atrocities committed on Syrians people warrants a military intervention (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). They believe that the US should now pursue its goal of regime change.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, other stakeholders maintain that regime change in Syria will have negative implications on the region’s security (Glaser, 2012). These stakeholders believe that Syrian opposition is infiltrated with extremist elements. The US is, thus, only enforcing the United Nations-backed sanctions on Syria and supporters of the Asad’s government at the moment. However, there are other interventions that are not too public. The US has provided Syria with humanitarian assistance since the onset of this crisis. For instance, in August 2012, the US released $82 million to address Syria’s humanitarian needs and those of its neighbors (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). In addition, the US has been providing non-lethal aid to the Syrian opposition. Some of these non-lethal aids include medicines and communication equipment (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Sharp and Blanchard (2012) also add that the US is also arming opposition fighters who are not connected to terrorist groups. Th e Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is obligated to vet opposition groups in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Furthermore, the US and its allies, within the region, are also trying to prevent Assad’s forces from receiving additional arms. For instance, the US administration pressured Iraq to close its air space to cargo flights carrying weapons to Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Some sources claim that the Obama administration is considering a military intervention in Syria (Sanger and Schmitt, 2012). The administration feels that this crisis has reached a point where it requires to be checked. Moreover, the administration is wary of the continued presence of China and Russia in the crisis. The US military is also secretly developing a contingency plan in readiness for possible interventions in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Additionally, although the conflict is continuing, some sources state that the US is preparing for a regime change in Syria. In this regard, the US is trying to bring the opposition groups together. However, Russell (2012) calls any interventions in Syria hypocritical. He claims that the US is not ready to create a version of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. China’s Policy on Syria Since its enactment, China has at all times obeyed the principle of non-intervention. The leadership of China believes that no countries should interfere with the internal affairs of sovereign states (Swaine, 2012). Beijing only sends envoys to countries facing major humanitarian crises to call for restraint, but never intervenes in any other way. Therefore, China is opposed to the use of force in restoring sanity in major humanitarian crises (Swaine, 2012). Swaine (2012) also reiterates that China has always been against sanctions and other coercive ways of pressuring an independent state into behaving in a certain way. China also believes that foreign interventions led by the United States and the West are motivated by a desire to change a regime (Swaine, 2012). China goes on to maintain that beneficiaries of these changes are used by the US and the West against it. Therefore, Beijing is unlikely to join the international community in major interventions. For that reason, China’s stand on the Syrian crisis is based on principles and values. These values have characterized China throughout its modern history. This explains why China has stuck with Assad’s regime throughout this conflict. China has resisted western pressure and maintained that Assad should not be dethroned forcefully. However, China has continuously called for a cease in Syria. However, China is realizing that problems facing failed states or unstable government are serious threats to its security and economy. For that reason, China has shown signs of supporting some interventions (Swaine, 2012). For instance, China failed to use its veto powers to block UN-backed interventions in Libya. This military intervention was endorsed by the UN Security Country. Surprisingly, instead of opposing this intervention, China opted not to vote on the issue. In addition, China surprised many countries by offering a peace deal to Syria (Hetou, 2012). However, this deal does not point fingers at any of the sides fighting. China claims that it is not its business to determine which side is to blame for the violence. China has also been able to mobilize support for its peace plan in Syria. According to Hetou (2012), Russia backs this deal. Therefore, the Syrian crisis is a major test for China’s foreign policy. Nonetheless, in order to act as the main power broker in Syria, China has to forego some of its major stands in foreign relations. Nonetheless, China has shown consistency in its quest to find peace in Syria. Therefore, China is set to make a major breakthrough as a world leader if it succeeds in bringing peace to Syria. Conclusions The Syrian crisis is a major test for word’s peace and unity. Interestingly, the US has shown restraint throughout the Crisis. On the other hand, China seems to forego its value and principles in a bid to find peace in Syria. China continued presence in this issue has, however, awakened the US. It is now believed that the US is contemplating military intervention in Syria. Moreover, sources claim that the US is ready for a regime change in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). For that reason, we should be ready for a situation where world major powers will be exercising their rivalry in a major humanitarian crisis. References Adjei, E. (2005). The legality of humanitarian intervention. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/stu_llm/2 Glaser, J. (2012). Al-qaeda infiltrating Syrian opposition, with US support: Russia slammed the US for justifying terrorism in Syria. Retrieved from  news.antiwar.com/2012/07/25/al-qaeda-infiltrating-syrian-opposition-with-us-support/ Halt B. (2012).The legal character of R2P and the UN Charter. Retrieved from  www.e-ir .info/2012/08/08/the-legal-basis-of-the-responsibility-to-protect/ Hetou, G. (2012). Syria: A litmus test for Chinese foreign policy. Retrieved from  www.e-ir.info/2012/06/20/syria-a-litmus-test-for-chinese-foreign-policy/ Hilali, A. Z. (2004). Historical developments of the Kashmir problem and Pakistan’s policy after September 11, 2001. Retrieved from http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/6.-A.Z.-Hilali.pdf Kinacioglu, M. (n.d.).The principle of non-intervention at the United Nations: the charter framework and the legal debate. Retrieved from http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Muge-Kinacioglu.pdf McWhinney, E. (n.d.) Declaration on the inadmissibility of intervention in the domestic affairs of states and the protection of their independence and sovereignty general assembly resolution 2131 (xx) New York, 21 December 1965. Retrieved from http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/ga_2131-xx/ga_2131-xx.html Peters, A. (2009). Humanity as the A and ÃŽ © of sovereigntyà ¢â‚¬ . The European Journal of International Law, 20(3), 513–544. Russell, J.S. (2012). Exploring the ‘space between’ that is diplomacy: Syria and US foreign policy. Retrieved from http://kingsofwar.org.uk/2012/09/exploring-the-space-between-that-is-diplomacy-syria-and-us-foreign-policy/ Sanger, D. E Schmitt, E. (2012, November 28). U.S. weighs bolder effort to intervene in Syria’s conflict. The New York Times. Retrieved from  www.nytimes.com/2012/11/29/world/us-is-weighing-stronger-action-in-syrian-conflict.html Sharp, J. M. Blanchard, C. M. (2012, August 21). Armed conflict in Syria: US. and international response (Congressional Report No. RL33487). Retrieved from fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33487.pdf Swaine, M.D. (2012). Chinese views of the Syrian conflict. Retrieved from http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/13/chinese-views-of-syrian-conflict/dtr1

Collocation Examples For English Learners

Collocation Examples For English Learners A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. Think of collocations as words that usually go together. There are different kinds of collocations in English. Strong collocations are word pairings that are expected to come together, such as combinations with make and do: You make a cup of tea, but you do your homework. Collocations are very common in business settings when certain nouns are routinely combined with certain verbs or adjectives. For example, draw up a contract, set a price, conduct negotiations, etc. Collocation Examples Here are a number of common collocations in English: to make the bed I need to make the bed every day. to do homework My son does his homework after dinner. to take a risk Some people don't take enough risks in life. to give someone advice The teacher gave us some advice on taking tests. Verb Collocations Some of the most common collocations involve verb noun collocations used in everyday situations. Here are some examples of the types of verb collocations you will need as you continue learning English. to feel free Please feel free to take a seat and enjoy the show. to come prepared Make sure to come prepared for the test tomorrow. to save time You'll save time if you turn off your smart phone and concentrate on the lesson. to find a replacement We need to find a replacement for Jim as soon as possible. to make progress We're making progress on the project at work. to do the washing up I'll do the washing up and you can put Johnny to bed. Business Collocations Collocations are often used in business and work settings. There are a number of forms including adjectives, nouns and other verbs that combine with keywords to form business expressions.  Here are some business collocations for specific situations. to open an account Would you like to open an account at our bank? to forgive a debt Do you think the bank would forgive a debt? to land a deal We landed a deal worth $3 million. to key in a PIN Just key in your PIN at the ATM and you can make a deposit. to deposit a check I'd like to deposit this check for $100. hard-earned money Once you get a job, you'll know what hard-earned money really is. to close a deal I closed a deal on a new account last week. to write up a contract Let's write up your contract. counterfeit money Be on the lookout for counterfeit money in circulation. Common Expressions Collocations are often used as short expressions to describe how someone feels about a situation. In this case, collocations can be used in the adjective form, or also as emphatic expressions using an intensifier and a verb. Here are a few examples using some common  collocations: positively encourage someone to do something We'd like to positively encourage you to buy this stock. deeply regret the loss of someone / something I deeply regret the loss of your loved one. to be in an utter fury over something Tom's in an utter fury over the misunderstanding with his wife. to go to great lengths to do something He went to a great length to explain the situation. Learn more of these common expressions. Common Adjective CollocationsEmphatic Expressions - Strong Collocations Get a Collocation Dictionary   You can learn collocations from a number of resources. Academics and teachers like to use collocation databases to help study common collocation uses. However, for students one of the best tools is a collocation dictionary. A collocation dictionary is different from normal dictionaries in that it provides you with collocations commonly used with key words rather than a definition. Here is an example of a few of the collocations used  with the verb progress: Progress Adverbs: nicely, satisfactory, smoothly, well  - You are progressing smoothly in this course.| further -  As you further progress, you will learn more.  Verb Progress: fail to -  Hes failing to progress at work.Prepositions: beyond -  She failed to progress beyond high school.  | from, through -  Students should progress from this class with an improved knowledge of the subject.  I highly recommend using the Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English published by Oxford University Press to begin using collocations as a means of improving your vocabulary skills in English.

Ways of Looking at Culture Within Organizations Essay

Ways of Looking at Culture Within Organizations - Essay Example all the members to allow for effective use of different skills and talents to the team, and problem solving where mechanisms for problem solving and conflict management are put in place. An example in a small organization is where a team of the management and employees of a small organization form a team. The team, in this case, should have a common goal of expanding the business, augment revenue, and provision of quality goods and services. Having a common goal allows for the development of synergy among the team members and provides a sense of purpose in achieving the clear and specified goal of the small organization. The effect will be an emphasis on ensuring all the strategies in the small business are synchronized for the achievement of the goal and each of the team members know their responsibility to the team and feel honoured to be in a team that has a specific goal allowing for augmented success of the small business. The structural elements of successful teams include having a shared vision, clear and continuous communication allowing for resolving issues amicably, and visibility and accountability of each of the team members. The other structural elements for successful teams are having clear expectations defined as all members, respect, planning, and trust among the members of the team allowing for cohesiveness and success of the teams (Sloane, 2007). Schneider believes that cooperation, contribution, and commitment are the other structural elements for successful teams (Schneider,

Career Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Career Theory - Essay Example The individual brings into the environment specific abilities and as such, certain needs that are necessary for him or her to be successful in that a given setup. This theory provides the counselor with the information necessary to assist an individual in making changes that lead to correspondence between him or her and the prevailing situation, depending on whether the individual has the ability to change a situation as well as his or her perception of the situation. This theory strives to answer the question as to whether individuals perform better an environment which befits their values and as to whether they are faced with problems and challenges if the environment they live in does not conform to their felt needs. This conformity of environment and the person concept is what is known as person environment fit. For instance, if the school environment is achieve-ment oriented, and then students will most likely, value achievement, thus achieving a high person environment fit. Con sequently students in a university may change subjects in order to make the person environment fit more favorable hence increasing the person environment fit. In cases of correspondence between individuals and environment there is no big demand for person change. This theory is usually concerned with personal characteristics such as traits, and skills which some times are referred to Vocational Personality. As people are uniquely different, no particular approach is good for all as it may not suit someone else; therefore a blend of various techniques is more ideal. Instances where by a school may apply Person/environment/Correspondence Counselling.This theory can be applied whereby students exhibit any or one of the following characteristics; Indecisiveness in career path, sudden change of behavior, excessive drinking, difficulty in learning and in cases of drug abuse and also when handling disadvantaged students.Counselling aims at basically connects students to resources so that they can become more aware of themselves and the opportunities out there whether jobs or occupations as well as making them into better decision-makers in terms of choosing future careers which matches their interests, core values, and abilities. Non Directive counseling .This technique can be used by a number of professionals including teachers on behavior change. This technique, associated with Carl Rogers, and allows individuals in emotional problems to speak about the problems and resolve difficulties with a minimum of direction being provided by the counselor. This technique assumes that everyone is motivated enough to change into a better person. School counselors can apply this technique according to certain guidelines while the student explores and analyzes the problem and devises a personal solution. This technique encourages the student to feel comfortable in the expression of feelings and thus facilitates positive change but it is also limited in that it is time consuming and often slows to bear positive results. According to Rogers this technique helps others to resolve internal conflicts and feelings hence reducing undesired behavior. This technique is useful with individuals who are cooperative but it becomes less effective if individuals are uncooperative and unwilling to change. For this approach to work well there is a need t for privacy and use of non punitive persuasive methods as well as